Kıtalar, ülkeler ve milliyetler; alışveriş ve kişisel yiyecek tercihleri (gluten-free, dairy-free, vegan); dünyadan yemek kültürleri ve festivallerde yardımseverlik; Present Perfect (ever, never, already, yet, just, for, since); question tags ile onaylatma; sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimler (some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little); need / needn’t; be able to (tüm zamanlar).
Countries, food and culture
Countries and nationalities: Belgium – Belgian · Croatia – Croatian · Japan – Japanese · Mexico – Mexican · Brazil – Brazilian · Egypt – Egyptian · Azerbaijan – Azerbaijani · Türkiye – Turkish
Continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Oceania (Australia), Antarctica
Shopping: a cashier, a shelf, a trolley, a receipt, a checkout, on sale, a discount, a loyalty card
Food preferences: gluten-free, dairy-free, vegetarian, vegan, spicy, sugar-free, organic
Reading – Sharing at festivals: “During Ramadan, many families in Türkiye have iftar dinners and invite neighbours. In Japan, people share rice cakes (mochi) at New Year. In Mexico, families prepare special bread for the Day of the Dead. In all these cultures, food has always been a way of showing compassion and benevolence.”
Quantifiers, need and be able to
Countable (apples, eggs) vs Uncountable (rice, milk, bread, money, information)
| Countable | Uncountable | |
|---|---|---|
| Question/negative | many eggs? | much milk? |
| Small amount | a few tomatoes | a little sugar |
| Large amount | a lot of / lots of (both) | |
| Unspecified | some (+) / any (−, ?) |
need / needn’t:
- We need some flour for the cake. (gerekli)
- You needn’t bring anything; we have everything. = You don’t need to bring anything. (gerek yok)
be able to (all tenses):
- Present: I am able to cook pasta. · Past: She was able to find a gluten-free bakery.
- Future: You will be able to taste Brazilian food at the festival. · Present Perfect: I haven’t been able to find that spice.
Kavramlar
- benevolence
- iyilikseverlik
- dairy-free
- süt ürünü içermeyen
- receipt
- fiş
- nationality
- milliyet
- compassion
- merhamet
- Present Perfect: deneyim, yakın geçmişin sonucu, süregelen durum
- ever/never, just/already/yet, for/since
- Belirli geçmiş zamanda Past Simple
- many/a few sayılabilen; much/a little sayılamayan
- need: gerekli; needn’t: gerek yok
- be able to her zamanda kullanılabilir
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Complete: “I _ (live) in İstanbul since 2015. Before that, I _ (live) in Bursa for five years.”
have lived (since 2015 → hâlâ devam ediyor: Present Perfect) · lived (Bursa dönemi bitti: Past Simple).
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “Have you _ been to Japan?” Kolay
Çözümever.
2. “How _ rice do we need?” Orta
Çözümmuch.
3. Rewrite with needn’t: “It isn’t necessary to buy bread; we have some.” Zor
ÇözümWe needn’t buy bread; we have some.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- Present Perfect ile yesterday kullanmak (I have gone yesterday ✗).
- Sayılamayan isimlerle many kullanmak (many milk ✗).
- for ile since’i karıştırmak.
Biliyor muydun?
Turkish coffee culture is on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list — and in Türkiye people say “a cup of coffee is remembered for forty years”!