Doğal kaynaklar (water, forests, minerals, fossil fuels, renewable energy), doğal kaynaklarla ilgili küresel sorunlar (deforestation, water shortage, pollution, climate change) ve kaynakları koruma; tanımlayıcı sıfat cümlecikleri (who, which, that, where, whose); neden-sonuç ifadeleri (because, because of, due to, so, as a result, therefore); Türkiye’de güneş enerjisi örneği; çevre raporu yazma.
Natural resources and global problems
Natural resources: fresh water, forests, soil, minerals, fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal)
Global problems: deforestation, water shortage / drought, air and water pollution, climate change, overfishing, plastic waste, loss of biodiversity
Protecting resources: to recycle, to reduce, to reuse, to save energy, to plant trees, zero waste, sustainable farming
Reading – Sunshine in Konya:
“Konya has one of the largest solar power plants in Europe, which is located in Karapınar. The region gets a lot of sunshine, so it is ideal for solar energy. Thanks to the plant, thousands of homes use clean electricity, and the country depends less on fossil fuels.”
Defining relative clauses
Kişi, nesne veya yer hakkında gerekli bilgi vermek için:
| Pronoun | For | Example |
|---|---|---|
| who / that | People | Scientists who study climate warn us about rising temperatures. |
| which / that | Things, animals | Plastic which ends up in the sea harms turtles. |
| where | Places | This is the forest where the fire started. |
| whose | Possession | The farmer whose fields dried up asked for help. |
⚠️ Özne konumunda değilse relative pronoun atılabilir: The tree (which/that) we planted is growing fast.
Cause and effect
| Cause → | Example |
|---|---|
| because + clause | The lake dried up because there was no rain for two years. |
| because of / due to + noun | The fish died because of pollution. · Floods happen due to heavy rain. |
| so + result clause | Factories polluted the river, so people couldn’t swim there. |
| As a result, / Therefore, | Forests were cut down. As a result, many animals lost their homes. |
Writing – An environmental report:
- Title and introduction: the problem and where it happens
- Causes (because, due to)
- Effects (so, as a result)
- Solutions and recommendations (should, must)
- Conclusion
Kavramlar
- deforestation
- ormansızlaşma
- fossil fuel
- fosil yakıt
- drought
- kuraklık
- renewable
- yenilenebilir
- biodiversity
- biyoçeşitlilik
- who/that kişi, which/that nesne, where yer, whose iyelik
- Nesne konumundaki relative pronoun atılabilir
- because + cümle; because of / due to + isim
- so, as a result, therefore: sonuç
- Renewable energy: solar, wind, hydro, geothermal
- Karapınar güneş enerjisi santrali
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Combine using which: “Solar panels produce clean energy. They are becoming cheaper.”
Solar panels, which produce clean energy, are becoming cheaper. / Solar panels which produce clean energy are becoming cheaper.
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “The man _ cleans the beach is a volunteer.” Kolay
Çözümwho.
2. Complete: “The flight was cancelled _ the storm.” Orta
Çözümbecause of / due to.
3. Rewrite with “so”: “Because the river was polluted, the fish died.” Zor
ÇözümThe river was polluted, so the fish died.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- because’dan sonra isim kullanmak (because the pollution ✗ → because of).
- Kişiler için which kullanmak.
- whose yerine who’s yazmak.
Biliyor muydun?
A single mature tree can absorb roughly 20 kilograms of carbon dioxide a year — planting trees is one of the simplest ways to fight climate change!