Türkiye hakkında bilgiler: coğrafya, tarihî miras, UNESCO alanları, mutfak, festivaller ve önemli kişiler; defining relative clauses (who, which, that, where, whose, when) ve non-defining relative clauses (virgülle, that kullanılmaz); relative pronoun’un atılması; reduced relative clauses (-ing / V3); bilgi verici metinlerde passive voice (is/was + V3, is located, was built); bir yeri tanıtan broşür veya blog yazısı.
Facts about Türkiye
Reading – A land of two continents:
“Türkiye, which connects Europe and Asia, is home to over 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. İstanbul, where the Bosphorus separates two continents, was founded thousands of years ago. Göbeklitepe, which was discovered in Şanlıurfa, is about 12,000 years old — older than Stonehenge! Mount Ağrı, whose peak is covered with snow all year, is the highest mountain in the country.”
Vocabulary: heritage, ancient, landmark, cuisine, a peninsula, a strait, a plateau, an archaeological site, to be located, to be famous for
Famous facts: Türkiye is the world’s top producer of hazelnuts, apricots and figs · Turkish coffee and ebru are on UNESCO’s intangible heritage list · The Seljuk caravanserais were built along trade routes
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
| Defining | Non-defining | |
|---|---|---|
| Function | Gerekli bilgi (hangisi?) | Ek bilgi |
| Commas | No | Yes |
| “that” | ✓ possible | ✗ not used |
| Example | The city that/which is famous for kebabs is Adana. | Adana, which is famous for kebabs, is in the south. |
Pronouns: who (people) · which (things) · whose (possession) · where (places) · when (times) · that (defining only)
- The architect whose works include Selimiye is Mimar Sinan.
- 1923 is the year when the Republic was founded.
Omitting the pronoun: Nesne konumundaysa atılabilir → The museum (that) we visited was amazing.
Reduced clauses: The man standing there is our guide. (= who is standing) · The mosque built by Sinan is huge. (= which was built)
Passive voice for facts
Bilgi verici metinlerde eylemi yapan değil eylem önemliyse passive kullanılır.
| Tense | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am/is/are + V3 | Turkish delight is made from sugar and starch. |
| Past Simple | was/were + V3 | Selimiye Mosque was built by Mimar Sinan. |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + V3 | Göbeklitepe has been visited by thousands of tourists. |
| Modal | can/must be + V3 | The site can be reached by bus. |
Useful phrases: is located in · is known/famous for · was founded in · is surrounded by · is said to be
Writing – A brochure about a place in Türkiye: headline → location (is located…) → history (was built/founded…) → what to see and do → local food → how to get there → slogan
Kavramlar
- heritage
- miras
- landmark
- simge yapı
- be located
- bulunmak, yer almak
- ancient
- çok eski, antik
- strait
- boğaz
- Defining: gerekli bilgi, virgül yok, that olabilir
- Non-defining: ek bilgi, virgüllü, that kullanılmaz
- who, which, whose, where, when
- Nesne konumundaki pronoun atılabilir
- Reduced: -ing (aktif), V3 (pasif)
- Passive: be + V3; was built, is located
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Combine with a non-defining relative clause: “Göbeklitepe is in Şanlıurfa. It is about 12,000 years old.”
Göbeklitepe, which is about 12,000 years old, is in Şanlıurfa.
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “Mimar Sinan is the architect _ designed Selimiye.” Kolay
Çözümwho.
2. Make it passive: “Mimar Sinan built the Süleymaniye Mosque.” Orta
ÇözümThe Süleymaniye Mosque was built by Mimar Sinan.
3. Why is “Ankara, that is the capital, is in Central Anatolia.” wrong? Correct it. Zor
ÇözümNon-defining relative clause’da that kullanılmaz: Ankara, which is the capital, is in Central Anatolia.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- Non-defining cümlede that kullanmak.
- Non-defining cümlede virgülleri unutmak.
- Passive’de be fiilini unutmak (The mosque built by Sinan in 1557 ✗ → was built).
Biliyor muydun?
Göbeklitepe is so old that it was built before the invention of writing, pottery and even the wheel — that’s why it is called the “zero point of history”!