İnsan hakları kavramı ve tarihsel belgeler (Magna Carta, İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi 1948, Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme 1989); temel hak ve özgürlükler (right to life, freedom of speech, right to education, equality); yükümlülük ve yasak bildiren yapılar (must, have to, mustn’t, don’t have to, should); geçmişe yönelik eleştiri ve pişmanlık: should have / shouldn’t have + V3, could have + V3; görüş bildirme, katılma ve katılmama ifadeleri; bir kampanya ya da makale yazma.
Human rights: history and key ideas
Reading – Rights for everyone:
“Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to live. In 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which says that ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.’ In 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child set out special rights for children, such as the right to education, health care and protection from harm.”
Vocabulary: right to life, freedom of speech / expression, freedom of thought, right to education, equality, discrimination, dignity, justice, refugee, child labour, violate a right, protect a right, campaign, petition
Obligation and necessity
| Structure | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| must | Güçlü zorunluluk (konuşanın düşüncesi), kural | Every child must have access to education. |
| have to | Dış kaynaklı zorunluluk | In Türkiye, children have to attend school until 12th grade. |
| mustn’t | Yasak | You mustn’t discriminate against people. |
| don’t have to | Gerek yok, zorunlu değil | You don’t have to pay for primary education in public schools. |
| should / ought to | Tavsiye, ahlaki görev | Governments should protect refugees. |
⚠️ mustn’t (yasak) ile don’t have to (gerek yok) farklıdır!
- Geçmişte zorunluluk için had to kullanılır: In the past, many children had to work in factories.
Past modals and expressing opinions
Past modals (geçmişe yönelik):
- should have + V3: Yapılmalıydı ama yapılmadı → The government should have protected the workers.
- shouldn’t have + V3: Yapılmamalıydı ama yapıldı → They shouldn’t have ignored the problem.
- could have + V3: Mümkündü ama yapılmadı → We could have helped more people.
Expressing opinions:
- In my opinion, … · As far as I’m concerned, … · I strongly believe that … · It seems to me that …
Agreeing: I completely agree. · That’s a good point. · Exactly!
Disagreeing (politely): I see your point, but … · I’m not sure about that. · I’m afraid I disagree.
Writing – A campaign poster or opinion paragraph: Problem (child labour) → why it is wrong (it violates the right to education) → what should be done (Governments must…, People should…) → call to action (Sign our petition!)
Kavramlar
- freedom of speech
- ifade özgürlüğü
- discrimination
- ayrımcılık
- dignity
- insan onuru
- refugee
- mülteci
- violate
- ihlal etmek
- UDHR 1948: all human beings are born free and equal
- Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
- must / have to: zorunluluk; mustn’t: yasak; don’t have to: gerek yok
- should / ought to: tavsiye ve ahlaki görev
- should have + V3: yapılmalıydı; shouldn’t have + V3: yapılmamalıydı
- In my opinion…, I see your point, but…
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Zaman şeridindeki belgelere göre çocukların haklarını özel olarak koruyan belge hangisidir? Bu belgeye göre bir cümle kurunuz (must / mustn’t).
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Örnek: “Children must have access to education.” / “Children mustn’t be forced to work.”
Çözümlü örnekler
1. Choose: You _ (mustn’t / don’t have to) wear a uniform on Saturdays. It’s not a school day. Kolay
Çözümdon’t have to.
2. Rewrite with should have: “They didn’t listen to the people. It was a mistake.” Orta
ÇözümThey should have listened to the people.
3. Explain the difference: “You mustn’t share your password.” vs “You don’t have to share your password.” Zor
Çözümİlki yasak bildirir (paylaşmak yasak); ikincisi zorunluluk olmadığını bildirir (paylaşmak zorunda değilsin, istersen paylaşabilirsin).
Sık yapılan hatalar
- mustn’t ile don’t have to’yu aynı anlamda kullanmak.
- “should have went” demek (doğrusu should have gone).
- have to’nun geçmişini must ile yapmaya çalışmak (doğrusu had to).
Biliyor muydun?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been translated into more than 500 languages, making it one of the most translated documents in the world!