Okul etkinlikleri ve kutlamalar; a/an/the ve sıfır artikel; sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimler; some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little, few, little; kibar rica (can, could, may, might); shall ile teklif ve öneri.
Articles
- a / an: tekil sayılabilen, ilk kez söz edilen veya herhangi biri → a school trip, an exhibition
- the: belirli, daha önce söz edilen veya tek olan → the principal, the Sun, the trip we planned
- Zero article (Ø): genel anlamda çoğul ve sayılamayan isimler → Ø Students love Ø music.
- Okul dersleri, diller, öğünler, spor: I like Ø history. We have Ø lunch at 12.
- the + unique / institutions in a special sense: go to the school (for a meeting) vs go to Ø school (as a student)
Countable / uncountable and quantifiers
| Countable (sayılabilen) | Uncountable (sayılamayan) |
|---|---|
| a book, two students, many chairs | information, advice, homework, equipment, furniture, money, music, news |
| Quantifier | Countable | Uncountable |
|---|---|---|
| some (olumlu, teklif) | some tickets | some help |
| any (olumsuz, soru) | any questions? | any equipment? |
| many / much | many guests | much time |
| a lot of / lots of | ✓ | ✓ |
| a few / a little (az ama yeterli, olumlu) | a few volunteers | a little time |
| few / little (çok az, olumsuz anlam) | few people came 😞 | little money left 😞 |
⚠️ “homework, advice, information, news” sayılamaz: two pieces of advice ✓ (two advices ✗)
| Countable | Uncountable |
|---|---|
| many students | much homework |
| a few chairs | a little time |
| few people | little money |
Polite requests and offers
Requests (rica):
- Can I borrow your notes? (informal)
- Could you help me with the decorations? (more polite)
- May I leave early today? (formal, asking permission)
- Might I ask a question? (very formal)
Responses: Sure. / Of course. / Certainly. / Go ahead. / I’m afraid not. / Sorry, I can’t.
Offers and suggestions with shall:
- Shall I carry these boxes for you? (offer)
- Shall we start the rehearsal now? (suggestion)
→ Yes, please. / No, thanks. / That’s a good idea.
- When: Friday, 15 May, 10:00
- Where: School gym
- Need: a few volunteers, some posters
Kavramlar
- volunteer
- gönüllü
- equipment
- ekipman
- principal
- okul müdürü
- exhibition
- sergi
- decoration
- süsleme
- a/an: tekil, ilk kez; the: belirli; Ø: genel
- homework, advice, information, news sayılamaz
- many + countable, much + uncountable
- a few / a little olumlu; few / little olumsuz anlam
- can < could < may < might (kibarlık)
- Shall I …? teklif, Shall we …? öneri
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Fill in: “We need _ (a few / a little) volunteers and _ (a few / a little) time to set up the stage.”
a few volunteers (countable), a little time (uncountable).
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “How _ homework do you have?” Kolay
Çözümmuch.
2. “There are _ students in the library; it’s almost empty.” (few / a few) Orta
Çözümfew (negative meaning: very few).
3. Make a formal request to the principal to use the gym. Zor
ÇözümMay I use the gym after school on Friday, please? / Could we use the gym…?
Sık yapılan hatalar
- “an university” (a university – /j/ sesi).
- “many informations” (much information).
- “Shall you help me?” (Could you help me?).
Biliyor muydun?
In English, “news” looks plural but is uncountable: “The news is good,” not “The news are good.”