Doğadaki etkinlikler; dünyadaki çevre sorunları ve çözümleri; geçmiş zaman düzensiz fiiller; düzensiz fiillerle question tags; must ve have to ile zorunluluk; should / shouldn’t ile öneri.
Activities in nature
Activities: hiking, camping, cycling, sailing, rafting, snowboarding, skiing, fishing, climbing, picnicking, bird watching, horse riding
- Last weekend we went hiking in the mountains.
- My brother loves rafting. / Have you ever tried snowboarding?
Safety in nature: wear a helmet, take water, follow the signs, don’t go alone
Past Simple: irregular verbs
Bazı fiiller -ed almaz, geçmiş hâlleri düzensizdir:
| Present | Past | Present | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | see | saw |
| have | had | eat | ate |
| do | did | drink | drank |
| make | made | swim | swam |
| take | took | come | came |
| buy | bought | find | found |
| get | got | write | wrote |
| leave | left | throw | threw |
- We went camping. We saw a deer and took lots of photos.
- Olumsuz ve soruda fiil yine yalın: We didn’t see a bear. / Did you swim in the lake?
Question tags: You went to the forest, didn’t you? / They didn’t throw rubbish, did they?
Environmental problems and solutions
| Problem | Solution |
|---|---|
| air pollution | use public transport, ride a bike |
| water pollution | don’t throw rubbish into rivers and seas |
| deforestation (cutting trees) | plant trees |
| global warming / climate change | save energy, use renewable energy |
| plastic waste | recycle, use cloth bags |
| endangered animals | protect their habitats |
| forest fires | don’t light fires in forests |
must / have to (zorunluluk):
- We must protect nature. (konuşanın düşündüğü zorunluluk)
- We have to recycle at our school. It’s a rule. (dış kural)
- She has to wear a helmet. (he/she → has to)
- You don’t have to bring water; we have some. (gerekli değil)
- You mustn’t throw rubbish. (yasak – dikkat: don’t have to ≠ mustn’t!)
should / shouldn’t (öneri): We should save water. We shouldn’t waste food.
- ✓ We must plant more trees.
- ✓ We should use cloth bags.
- ✗ We mustn’t pollute rivers.
Kavramlar
- pollution
- kirlilik
- deforestation
- ormansızlaşma
- recycle
- geri dönüştürmek
- endangered
- nesli tükenmekte olan
- renewable
- yenilenebilir
- Doğa etkinlikleri: hiking, camping, sailing, rafting
- Düzensiz fiiller: go-went, see-saw, take-took, buy-bought
- Olumsuz ve soruda fiil yalın kalır
- must / have to: zorunluluk; has to (he/she)
- don’t have to: gerekli değil; mustn’t: yasak
- should / shouldn’t: öneri
Örnek soru ve çözümü
“Geçen hafta ormana gittik ve çöp topladık. Ağaçları korumalıyız.” cümlelerini İngilizceye çeviriniz.
Last week we went to the forest and collected rubbish. We must protect the trees.
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “buy” fiilinin geçmiş hâli nedir? Kolay
Çözümbought.
2. “mustn’t” ile “don’t have to” arasındaki fark nedir? Orta
Çözümmustn’t yasak bildirir (yapmamalısın); don’t have to zorunlu olmadığını bildirir (yapmak zorunda değilsin).
3. “She (have to) wake up early yesterday because the bus (leave) at 6.” Zor
Çözümhad to, left.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- “goed” demek (went).
- “Did you went?” demek (Did you go?).
- “mustn’t” ile “don’t have to”yu aynı sanmak.
Biliyor muydun?
Bir plastik şişenin doğada yok olması yaklaşık 450 yıl sürer. Yani bugün atılan bir şişe, senin torunlarının torunlarının zamanında bile doğada olabilir!