Bilimsel buluşlar ve icatlar; bilim insanları; edilgen yapı (Passive Voice) – geniş zaman (is/are + V3) ve geçmiş zaman (was/were + V3); by ile eylemi yapanı belirtme; bilimsel süreç anlatma; Türk bilim insanları; zaman çizelgesi okuma.
Inventions and discoveries
| Invention / Discovery | Who? | When? |
|---|---|---|
| the telephone | Alexander Graham Bell | 1876 |
| the light bulb (practical) | Thomas Edison | 1879 |
| penicillin | Alexander Fleming | 1928 |
| the World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee | 1989 |
| the theory of relativity | Albert Einstein | 1905 / 1915 |
| radioactivity research | Marie Curie | 1898 (radium & polonium) |
| “Arf invariant” (maths) | Cahit Arf | 1941 |
| DNA repair mechanism | Aziz Sancar | Nobel 2015 |
invent (icat etmek – yeni bir şey yapmak) vs discover (keşfetmek – var olanı bulmak)
- Bell invented the telephone. / Fleming discovered penicillin.
Passive voice
Active: Fleming discovered penicillin. (özne eylemi yapıyor)
Passive: Penicillin was discovered by Fleming. (eylemin kendisi önemli)
| Tense | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple Passive | am / is / are + V3 | Paper is made from wood. / Tea is grown in Rize. |
| Past Simple Passive | was / were + V3 | The telephone was invented in 1876. |
| Negative | isn’t / wasn’t + V3 | The light bulb wasn’t invented by Bell. |
| Question | Is / Was + subject + V3? | When was the Web invented? |
by + yapan kişi: The theory of relativity was developed by Einstein.
Process (süreç): First, the cocoa beans are collected. Then they are dried and roasted. After that, they are ground and mixed with sugar and milk. Finally, the chocolate is packed.
Scientists and the scientific method
Scientific method: ask a question → do research → make a hypothesis → do an experiment → analyse the results → draw a conclusion → share the results
Reading: Cahit Arf
“Cahit Arf was born in Thessaloniki in 1910. He studied mathematics in Paris and Göttingen. The Arf invariant and Arf rings are named after him. His portrait was printed on the 10-lira banknote in 2009. Today, his work is still used in mathematics and coding theory.”
Kavramlar
- invent
- icat etmek
- discover
- keşfetmek
- hypothesis
- hipotez
- experiment
- deney
- achievement
- başarı
- invent: icat etmek; discover: keşfetmek
- Present Passive: is/are + V3
- Past Passive: was/were + V3
- by + eylemi yapan
- Süreçler passive ile anlatılır: The beans are dried.
- Bilimsel yöntem: hypothesis → experiment → conclusion
Örnek soru ve çözümü
“Edison invented the light bulb in 1879.” cümlesini edilgen yapıya çeviriniz.
The light bulb was invented by Edison in 1879.
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “Tea _ (grow) in Rize.” (Present Passive) Kolay
Çözümis grown.
2. Zaman çizelgesine göre penisilin ne zaman keşfedildi? Passive ile yazınız. Orta
ÇözümPenicillin was discovered in 1928.
3. “Bu köprü 1973’te inşa edildi ve hâlâ her gün binlerce araç tarafından kullanılıyor.” cümlesini İngilizceye çeviriniz. Zor
ÇözümThis bridge was built in 1973 and it is still used by thousands of vehicles every day.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- Passive’de be fiilini unutmak (The phone invented ✗).
- V2 ile V3’ü karıştırmak (was builded ✗ → was built).
- invent ile discover’ı karıştırmak.
Biliyor muydun?
Penisilin bir “şans eseri” bulundu: Fleming tatile gitmeden önce laboratuvarı dağınık bırakmıştı ve döndüğünde küf bakterileri öldürmüştü!