Doğa, çevre sorunları ve küresel problemler (iklim değişikliği, kirlilik, su kıtlığı, nesli tükenen türler); teknolojinin küresel sorunlara etkisi (yapay zekâ, veri, sağlık, afet sonrası iyileşme); tanımlayıcı ve tanımlayıcı olmayan sıfat cümlecikleri (who, which, that, where, whose, when).
Global problems and technology
Global problems: climate change, global warming, air and plastic pollution, deforestation, water scarcity, endangered species, food waste, natural disasters
Technology helping the planet:
- AI analyses satellite data that predicts floods and wildfires.
- Drones plant trees in areas where forests were destroyed.
- Smart sensors reduce water use in farming.
- Telemedicine brings doctors to people who live in remote villages.
- After earthquakes, robots and data maps help rescue teams.
Reading: “Sea turtles, which have lived on Earth for millions of years, are now endangered. Volunteers who work on Turkish beaches such as İztuzu protect the nests that the turtles lay every summer.”
Defining relative clauses
Defining (tanımlayıcı): Hangi kişi/şeyden söz edildiğini belirler; cümleden çıkarılırsa anlam eksik kalır. Virgül yoktur.
| Pronoun | For | Example |
|---|---|---|
| who / that | people | The scientist who invented the app is Turkish. |
| which / that | things, animals | This is the robot which/that cleans beaches. |
| where | places | This is the village where the solar farm was built. |
| whose | possession | She is the girl whose project won the award. |
| when | time | 2023 was the year when the big earthquake happened. |
Omitting the pronoun: Nesne konumundaki who/which/that atılabilir → The book (that) I read was about climate change.
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining (tanımlayıcı olmayan): Ek bilgi verir; çıkarılsa da cümle anlamlıdır. Virgülle ayrılır, that kullanılmaz.
- Lake Van, which is the largest lake in Türkiye, is a soda lake.
- My uncle, who is an environmental engineer, works in İzmir.
- Rize, where it rains a lot, is famous for tea.
| Defining | Non-defining |
|---|---|
| No commas | Commas |
| that ✓ | that ✗ |
| Essential information | Extra information |
The students who recycle get a badge. (only those students)
The students, who recycle, get a badge. (all the students recycle)
Commas change the meaning!
Kavramlar
- scarcity
- kıtlık
- endangered
- nesli tükenmekte olan
- deforestation
- ormansızlaşma
- remote
- uzak, ücra
- sensor
- algılayıcı
- who: people; which: things; where: places; whose: possession
- that only in defining clauses
- Defining: no commas, essential info
- Non-defining: commas, extra info
- Object pronoun can be omitted in defining clauses
- Technology (AI, drones, sensors) helps solve global problems
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Combine with a relative clause: “Mount Ağrı is the highest mountain in Türkiye. It is in the east.”
Mount Ağrı, which is in the east, is the highest mountain in Türkiye. (non-defining – extra information)
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “This is the girl _ won the science competition.” Kolay
Çözümwho / that.
2. “That’s the beach _ sea turtles lay their eggs.” Orta
Çözümwhere.
3. Why is “My mother, that is a doctor, works at night.” wrong? Zor
Çözüm“that” cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses; it should be “My mother, who is a doctor, …”.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- Using that after a comma.
- “The man which…” (who for people).
- Using “who” instead of “whose” for possession.
Biliyor muydun?
Scientists use AI to listen to the sounds of rainforests; changes in animal calls can show where illegal logging is happening!