Dünya kültürleri, gelenekler ve yurt dışında eğitim; olasılık ve çıkarım (may, might, could, must, can’t); zorunluluk ve gereklilik (must, have to, need, had to); zorunluluk olmaması (don’t have to, needn’t); yasak (mustn’t, can’t); izin; öneri (should, ought to, had better); yetenek (be able to).
Cultures and studying abroad
Reading – Customs around the world:
“When you visit Japan, you should take off your shoes before entering a home. In Türkiye, guests are often offered tea, and it might be rude to refuse. In Thailand, you mustn’t touch someone’s head. If you study abroad, you will have to adapt to new customs, but you will be able to make friends from all over the world.”
Vocabulary: custom, tradition, etiquette, culture shock, host family, scholarship, tuition fee, visa, adapt, homesick
Studying abroad – Erasmus+: Students in Europe and Türkiye can study in another country for a term with a scholarship.
Modals: probability and deduction
| Modal | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| must | %90+ eminim (olumlu çıkarım) | The lights are on. They must be at home. |
| can’t / couldn’t | %90+ eminim (olumsuz çıkarım) | He can’t be French; he doesn’t speak any French. |
| may / might / could | belki (%30–50) | She might be in Paris now. It could rain later. |
Past deduction (preview): must have + V3 / can’t have + V3 → She must have missed the bus.
Modals: obligation, prohibition, advice, ability
| Function | Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Obligation (zorunluluk) | must, have to, need to | You must have a passport. / Students have to wear uniforms. |
| Past obligation | had to | I had to get a visa last year. |
| No obligation (gerekmez) | don’t have to, don’t need to, needn’t | You don’t have to speak Japanese; many people speak English. |
| Prohibition (yasak) | mustn’t, can’t | You mustn’t take photos in the museum. |
| Permission / no prohibition | can, may, could | You can use your phone here. |
| Advice | should, ought to, had better | You should learn a few local words. You’d better carry some cash. |
| Ability | can, could, be able to | I will be able to speak Spanish after the course. |
⚠️ mustn’t ≠ don’t have to: “You mustn’t come” (yasak) vs “You don’t have to come” (gerekmez).
| Sign | Meaning |
|---|---|
| No photos | You mustn’t take photos. |
| Free entry | You don’t have to pay. |
| Passport required | You must show your passport. |
Kavramlar
- custom
- gelenek, âdet
- culture shock
- kültür şoku
- scholarship
- burs
- homesick
- memleket hasreti çeken
- etiquette
- görgü kuralları
- must: güçlü olumlu çıkarım; can’t: güçlü olumsuz çıkarım
- may / might / could: olasılık
- must / have to: zorunluluk; had to: geçmiş
- don’t have to / needn’t: gerekmez
- mustn’t: yasak
- should / ought to / had better: öneri; will be able to: gelecekte yetenek
Örnek soru ve çözümü
Choose: “It’s a free museum. You _ pay.” / “Be quiet! You _ talk in the library.”
don’t have to (no obligation); mustn’t (prohibition).
Çözümlü örnekler
1. “He has a Turkish passport. He _ be Turkish.” (sure) Kolay
Çözümmust.
2. “Yesterday I _ (have to) wake up at 5 to catch the flight.” Orta
Çözümhad to.
3. Explain the difference: “You mustn’t bring food.” vs “You don’t have to bring food.” Zor
ÇözümFirst: it is forbidden. Second: it is not necessary (food is provided), but you can if you want.
Sık yapılan hatalar
- Confusing mustn’t and don’t have to.
- “must to go” (must go).
- “She cans speak” (She can speak).
Biliyor muydun?
In some countries, showing the soles of your feet or pointing with one finger can be considered rude, so travellers often read about local etiquette before a trip!